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Objective:To introduce the concept and procedures of precise flap surgery in construction of knee defects and to report the preliminary clinical outcomes.Methods:The data of 16 patients with knee defects at 17 sides were retrospectively analyzed who had been treated under the guidance of the concept of precise flap surgery at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The 920th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA from August 2014 to March 2022. There were 12 males and 4 females, aged 44(34, 54) years. The wounds were at the left side in 8 cases, at the right side in 7 ones and at bilateral sides in one, and their sizes ranged from 5 cm×3 cm to 15 cm×11 cm. The time from injury to surgery was 8.5(6.0, 13.0) days. Optimal repair protocols were chosen after the donor and recipient sites were evaluated according to the methods of precise flap surgery: a retrograde anterolateral thigh flap in 7 sides, a descending genicular artery perforator flap in 3 ones, a saphenous artery flap in 2 ones, and a superior genicular lateral artery perforator flap, a popliteal artery perforator flap, a medial sural perforator propeller flap, a peroneal artery perforator propeller flap, and a randomized flap in one, respectively. The flap sizes ranged from 10 cm×6 cm to 15 cm×15 cm. The outcomes and complications of skin flap repair, and functional recovery of the affected limb were recorded.Results:All the flaps at 17 sides survived after surgery; 3 cases developed distal edge necrosis which responded to dressing change. The follow-ups for the 16 patients were 14.5(10.0, 28.0) months. All the flaps presented with good color, texture and contour. Flap bulking, local osteomyelitis, and scar ulcer was found in one case respectively. According to the revascularization assessments in the digital replantation criteria by Hand Surgery Society, Chinese Medical Association, all the flaps at 17 sides were excellent. Accoding to the knee functional evaluation of Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) at the last follow-up, the 17 affected limbs scored 86(80,91) points, yielding 9 excellent, 7 good and 1 fair sides.Conclusion:Although the defects and donor sites around the knee vary greatly, precise flap surgery may lead to effective control of the variations, choice of an optimal reconstruction protocol, and precise wound repair.
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Objective:To introduce the concept and procedure of CTA guided precision flap surgery and report the preliminary clinical application.Methods:The theory of CTA guided precision flap surgery is: based on CTA high-throughput data, comprehensively evaluate the wound and potential donor sites, and select the best plan for wound repair. This article reviews 177 patients treated under the guidance of CTA guided precision flap surgery from August 2014 to December 2018. Among them, 131 were males and 46 were females; they were 7-72 years old, with an average age of 39.5 years. The tissue defects were: 74 cases of foot and ankle, 64 cases of wrist, 15 cases of calf, 11 cases of forearm and upper arm, 7 cases of thigh and perineum, 5 cases of face and neck, and 1 case of abdomen. The size of the defect was 2 cm×1 cm to 65 cm×50 cm. The recipient and donor sites were assessed based on CTA guided precision flap surgery, then choose the optimal flap to repair the defect. The flap types, outcomes and complications were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS), British Medical Research Council sensory rating scale, and revascularization assessments of digital replantation standard by Hand Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association was used to assess clinical results.Results:All flaps were uneventfully harvested as planned according to the CTA guided precision flap surgery concept.A total number of 181 flaps were harvested, including 125 free flaps and 56 pedicled flaps. The flap area rangedfrom 4 cm×3 cm to 40 cm×8 cm. After surgery, 165 cases were survival completely, 7 cases were total necrosis, 9 cases were partial necrosis. A total of 174 cases of flaps survived. The mean follow-up was 9.2 months (range, 6-60 months). After surgery 53 flaps were bulky, and 7 cases with other complications.At the last follow-up, only 6 patients had mild pain, the VAS score was 1-3. The sensation of the flaps recovered partially. According to the British Medical Research Council sensory rating scale: 68 cases were grade S2 and 106 cases were grade S3. According to the revascularization assessments of digital replantation standard by Hand Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Association, 171 cases were excellent and 3 cases were good.Conclusion:The concept of precision flap surgery based on CTA can effectively guide flap surgery and achieve precise wound repair.
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Objective To explore how to overcome the difficulties during two paddle anterolateral thigh flap harvest. Methods From January, 2009 to December, 2015, the harvest of two paddle anterolateral thigh flap was encountered difficulties during surgery in 8 cases, which were 7 males and 1 female. The age was ranged from 16 to 48 years old, with averaged of 32.8. Six patients presented with one defect, and 2 patients presented with two defects. The skin defects ranged from 60-247 cm2. The number of the flap perforator, vascular source, flap pattern and out-comes was recorded. All patiants were followed-up at regular intervals. Results All of 8 flaps were converted suc-cessfully during surgery. Only 1 perforator was found in 4 cases. The flap was converted to sigle perforator flap. The dornor site was covered by skin graft. Two perforators from different origins were found in 2 cases, and the flap was converted to sequential chimeric flap. Two perforators from descending branch and transverse branch respectively were found in 1 case, and the flap was converted to combined anterolateral thigh and tensor fascia lata flap. Only 1 perfora-tor was found in 1 case, which the distal defect was small sized, the flap was converted to deepithelialized two paddle flap. The flap ranged from 78-288 cm2. Venous compromise was happened in 1 case, and the flap survived after reex-ploration surgery. Local infection was found in 2 cases, and cured with wound dressing. Other flaps were survived un-eventfully. At donor site, 1 case wound dehiscence and 1 case local infection, both of which underwent debridement and healed. All patiants were followed-up for 7-21(mean, 11.5)months. The flaps had satisfactory appearance and soft texture. Conclusion When it is difficult to harvest two paddle anterolateral thigh flap during surgery, the flap need to be converted rationally based on the characteristics of the defect, the number of the flap perforator, and the vascular origins.
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Objective To assess preliminary clinical efficacy of digital assisted technology in double skin paddle anterolateral thigh flap reconstructing degloved injury of forefoot or midfoot.Methods From March 2013 to December 2015,eight patients with degloved injury of forefoot or midfoot were retrospectively analyzed by case series study.They were seven males and one female,with age range of 18-51 years (mean,34.5 years).The foot skin defect area ranged from 18 cm × 12 cm to 13 cm × 10 cm.All patients underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) in lower extremities preoperatively.The CTA data were entered into Mimics 15.0 software in DICOM format.Based on perforating condition of descending branch of lateral fenoral circunflex artery and the size of foot defect,one thigh was chosen for three dimensional reconstruction of anterolateral thigh flap.The flap size ranged from 24 cm× 9 cm to 19 cm × 7 cm.All reconstructive surgeries were performed secondarily.Patients were all at Ⅱ stage recovery.The survival of flaps and healing status of flap donor sites were observed in one month after surgery.The number of debulking flaps was recorded.The appearance of flaps,shoe wearing,gait and related complications were recorded.Results The follow-up was 10-21 months (mean,15.5 months.All flaps survived uneventfully,and all donor sites were sutured directly.Three patients had twice debulking procedures,three patients had one debulking procedure,and two patients had no debulking.At the last visit in follow-up,the color and texture of flaps were good.All patients were able to wear shoes normally,two patients remained mild abnormal gait,and one patient presented superficial ulcer at the medial of the forefoot.Conclusions Double skin paddle anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of degloved injury of forefoot or midfoot can prompt wound healing and decrease complications.Digital assisted technology is an excellent supplementary method in double skin paddle anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of degloved injury of foot,which makes precise preoperative planning and intraoperative accurate cutting.